AI is masking America's "post-literate" workforce

Millions of working Americans struggle to read at a functional level — and artificial intelligence may be helping hide it.

Why it matters: Low literacy is quietly becoming a major economic drag, even as AI tools allow workers to complete tasks they may not fully understand.

• Experts warn that this can mask deeper skill gaps until workers are asked to make judgments, solve problems or evaluate AI-generated answers.
• Some researchers call this "cognitive surrender" — when people defer to AI outputs without fully evaluating them.
• That creates a workforce that looks productive on the surface but is vulnerable to disruption.

By the numbers: Roughly 130 million U.S. adults read below a sixth-grade level, according to adult literacy estimates.

• About 43 million U.S. adults cannot read, write or do basic math above a third-grade level, according to ProLiteracy.
• More than 90% of jobs require some form of computer literacy, Sharon Bonney, CEO of the Coalition on Adult Basic Education, told Axios.

Zoom in: Low literacy at work is showing up in emails, safety instructions, training materials, math-heavy trades, health benefits forms and computer-based tasks.

• Bonney said adult education programs often see learners who want better jobs but lack the basic reading, math, English-language or digital skills needed to enter apprenticeships, community college or higher-paying work.
• "If you can't read, write, speak the language, can't use a computer, your chances of being gainfully employed are pretty slim," Bonney said.

What they're saying: "The net effect of AI on the workplace is probably going to be increased demand and need for workers with higher levels of basic skills, not lower," Stephen Reder, professor emeritus of applied linguistics at Portland State University, tells Axios.

• "If it's flashing a red warning light that says we have a literacy challenge, then we probably really do have a literacy challenge," Amanda Bergson-Shilcock, senior fellow at the National Skills Coalition, told Axios.

Yes, but: Americans have not stopped buying books.

• Independent bookstores have grown in recent years, and Barnes & Noble has staged a comeback, suggesting reading culture remains strong for some.
• However, Reder said book buying and literacy skills are not the same thing. The bigger divide may be between people who use reading deeply in everyday life and those who rarely practice those skills.
• "Not only are skill levels going down," Reder said, "but particularly among people at the lower end of the skill spectrum, the amount that they use the skills that they have is going way down."

Behind the scenes: Workers have long found ways to hide literacy gaps, like asking family for help, avoiding written tasks or relying on coworkers, Bergson-Shilcock said.

• Now, AI may be accelerating that — creating what she calls an "invisible drag on productivity" that doesn't show up in data but slows teams down.
• In some cases, Bergson-Shilcock said low literacy among supervisors can ripple across entire workplaces, affecting performance and compliance.

The bottom line: AI may help workers keep up, but it also raises the risk that they're producing answers they don't fully understand.

• Reder compared AI to calculators, which made math easier, but they did not eliminate the need to understand what problem you were solving.
• "You still need to know what you're doing," he said.